Setting and Children free essay sample

Take part in self-improvement in wellbeing, social consideration or children’s and youthful people’s setting. 1. 1 Describe the obligations and duties of own work job 1. 2 Explain assumptions regarding own work job as communicated in applicable measures. As a certified level 3 expert I am dependable to satisfy my obligations and work job as well as could be expected. At the end of the day I generally prefer to attempt to give my position my complete consideration and give it 100% of my time and devotion. I accept that this causes me to help the kids in my gathering class. I am consistently mindful of the youngsters inside my setting that have SEN (Special Educational Needs) and attempt where I can to give them additional help despite the fact that recalling the comprehensive practice strategy. A portion of my primary obligations include: Ensuring youngsters approach learning materials and assets Observing and checking students execution and announcing my discoveries back to the class educator Supporting instructing by giving data to ICT exercises Looking after the kids who have had a mishap or who are disturbed so the instructor can proceed with her exercise Preparing the study hall Supporting kids who may require extra assistance Monitoring and urging the youngsters to perform as well as could be expected Encourage the kids to learn through play by drawing in myself with them and playing the game with them Helping the class instructor plan, get ready and convey learning exercises Giving a significant level of consideration regarding education and numeracy exercises Showing affectability to the kids and their families Keeping up an astounding degree of correspondence between myself, work colleauges, different experts from offices and the children’s families and guardians Listening to the kids read normally and continuing observing their accomplishments Supporting the youngsters to create communicational abilities through furnishing pretend and effectively playing with them around there Providing kids who’s first language isn't English with enough interpretation or assets to show them some English language adequately Helping the educator with conveying explicit curriculm programs General office obligations, for example, copying schoolwork or creating speadsheets to record accomplishments Teahing intercessions ( furnishing little gatherings of youngsters with coordinated consideration) so all my classmates can accomplish as well as could be expected Implement and bolster the brilliant standards of the homeroom and assisting the class instructor with managing the kids terrible conduct and advancing great conduct. We will compose a custom paper test on Setting and Children or on the other hand any comparable subject explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page Page 1 SHC 32: Engage in self-improvement in wellbeing, social consideration or children’s and youthful people’s setting. 1. 1 Describe the obligations and duties of own work job 1. 2 Explain assumptions regarding own work job as communicated in important principles. In my setting this incorporates giving a youngster who’s first language isn't English extra assistance yet not singling her out as this may cause rejection from games and exercises that different kids are getting a charge out of. Other day by day obligations incorporate creation sure that any water on the floor is spread and gathered up as this is a slipping risk thus along these lines become a wellbeing and security peril. I am additionally mindful of the ratio’s among youngsters and professionals which in our study hall is right and that all toys are checked for little pieces as this could be a chocking danger thus hence become a piece of my wellbeing and security preparing. Inside my work job I for the most part take little gatherings of youngsters and work with them through play to help instruct them subjects like maths and English. While doing this I am in every case more than harmful viewing different kids around the space to guarantee they are protected. Probably the greatest part in my work job is to tune in to the kids as this can regularly edify specialists to what a child’s home life resembles and whether the kid may have different issues that need tending to. I likewise prefer to urge the kids to give their best work thus I reward the kids by requesting that they put a marble in the container which once full we have a class prize or movement like additional play on the contraption in the huge play ground. Another urgent models of my job is to elevate acceptable conduct and to help with this all individuals from staff in our homeroom executes the brilliant standards which must be followed consistently. We advance this by again requesting that kids add marbles to the container, utilizing applauding jargon or by sticker diagrams for those youngsters who are attempting to adhere to the principles. I routinely tune in to the kids read and track their accomplishments which are accounted for back to the class educator. I am exceptionally blessed that I get along very well with the other colleagues in my study hall and this assists with heaps of various parts of my obligations and obligations as I could discover it incredibly hard to speak with an individual from staff if there was a climate thus examining the children’s issues or following stages might be ungainly in the event that it occurs by any stretch of the imagination. Functioning admirably in a group is a basic piece of turning into a level 3 expert regardless of what the circumstance is as we continually must have association with colleagues just as guardians and different experts to have the option to give the kids in our consideration a reasonable and equivalent chance to training. So as to submit to my settings arrangements and methodology as well as the laws, guidelines and rules set by neighborhood specialists and focal government it is additionally basic to recall fundamental parts of kid assurance, for example, wellbeing and security, shielding and fairness, decent variety and comprehensive practice. Page 2 SHC 32: Engage in self-awareness in wellbeing, social consideration or children’s and youthful people’s setting. 1. 1 Describe the obligations and duties of own work job 1. 2 Explain assumptions regarding own work job as communicated in pertinent gauges. These are set out in law, rules ect just as consistently remembered for any strategy from any setting. Anyway with this said their might be various methods in which to complete in various settings or refreshed forms from year to year so I generally ensure that I demand a duplicate upon another situation or solicitation a duplicate of any refreshed renditions. This encourages me to apply these rules, laws and so forth to my regular exercises and this doesn't just protect the youngsters in my setting yet in addition guards me. Another arrangement of rules which are of fundamental significance are the early years establishment stage rules. These identify with all parts of the children’s improvement and furthermore the where and what the kids do straightaway. It is additionally some portion of my job to help the class instructor design and plan what the following stages are for every one of the kids and what the realizing points ought to be for the following week or term. I guess I am very fortunate as my group instructor likewise advances me duplicate of her anticipating the week ahead and consistently requests my supposition and contribution with respect to how certain kids in our group will react to these points and how we can cooperate to help the kids that may battle marginally so they get an equivalent chance to learning. Probably the greatest obligation I have to the youngsters is to report any makings or divulgence to the right spot. At my setting it is methodology to talk about any issues with the class educator just as report it to the protecting official in the workplace. I accept that it is likewise my duty ask the youngsters how the got a specific stamping and to ensure that I am consistently keeping watch for any signs or side effects of disease. Above all else specialists fundamental obligations are to oversee the kids and to keep them from mischief and this assumes an incredibly large job in the wellbeing and security and kid assurance norms set by the administration. Another structure which is crutial to childcare is KEEP ( the key components of viable practice).

Day 3 Hw free essay sample

Developing Markets Spring 2013 Sarath Nonis CASE 3-2 Hong Kong Disneyland 1. What prompted the inevitable hardships experienced by Hong Kong Disneyland in its first year of activity? In what manner ought to Hong Kong Disneyland redress its market circumstance? Social Adaptation: The Chinese didn't handily associate with the characters in the recreation center since they were new to the item; they appreciate concentrating on what they can purchase, eat, and bring home, and taking pictures and bringing them back home as opposed to the experience of being in the spot itself. Chinese Tourist Behavior: Going to Hong Kong implies a shopping experience, so they pick the less expensive one, which is Ocean Park; additionally, the Chinese individuals put a premium on training, where Ocean Park gives the instructive inclination. Relationship with Travel Agents: The Hong Kong Disneyland didn't notice an excess of regard for building a connection transport with the trip specialists while Chinese visitors rely a ton upon trip specialists. We will compose a custom paper test on Day 3 Hw or on the other hand any comparable subject explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page Along these lines, the most ideal path for Hong Kong Disneyland is to deciding contrasts in the Chinese culture and receiving it; to comprehend Chinese visitor conduct inside and out, at that point to deal with the weights of nearby interest regarding the need of Chinese customers and sightseers; attempt to give more consideration to building a relationship with the trip specialists. 2. Whatever degree could Hong Kong Disneyland adjust its item to Chinese shoppers without weakening its picture? Put progressively instructive materials about its picture. Taking photographs with Donald Duck at the Hong Kong Disneyland. Giving products which are associated its picture for visitor to purchase as endowments to bring home. 3. In what manner ought to Hong Kong Disneyland address rivalry? Extend the subject of the Hong Kong Disneyland; it ought to think about the way of life and practices of Chinese. For instance, associate the recreation center subject with children’s instruction. Slice the cost to make individuals think it is worth to pay. It ought to comprehend that trip specialists are the most significant deals divert in the territory China. It is well known in territory China to give a gathering markdown.

The Homestead Act Essay Example for Free

The Homestead Act Essay To my comprehension, and from what I have perused in the book and all through the course interfaces, I accept that the aim of the Homestead Act was to vanquish land imposing business model. Numerous ranchers, be that as it may, came up short on the monetary way to move west and deal with a homestead. . By this, less despite everything comprehended the new kind of agribusiness, where innovation was utilized to cultivate the land that the Great Plains required. Rather, examiners and corporate interests had the option to harvest in benefits, and misrepresentation and defilement, and regularly denoted the procedure farmland for transportation (the railways). The Homestead Acts greatest shortcoming nonetheless, was not considering conditions on the wilderness. I likewise feel that the eastern composers didn't think about that as some of their property was unreasonably enormous for flooded cultivating and unreasonably little for dry cultivating. The job of the private capital in the American West was towards the rich. The poor people didn't have any control of a large portion of the land regardless of whether they were the principal tenants. The rich individuals were additionally in charge of the railroad framework, in which the wealthy people had the main say as much. Ranchers at last got a break, with the railways. Under the Pacific Railroad Act, land awards made conceivable the rapid development of the Union Pacific, Central Pacific, Northern Pacific, Santa Fe, and Southern Pacific railways. They were Lead by railroad advertisers to have confidence in an abundant West reap, in which mass measures of European migrants were up to speed in the development West. I believe that the railways gave precisely what the Homestead Acts didn't: credit terms, great quality ad, bigger land tracts, unique traveler rates, and cultivating support for future Western pioneers. There were a ton of inspired specialists of the Great Northern Railway, who arranged and coordinated the settlement of thousands of pioneers along various lines. One thing that I accepted that helped the pioneers was the way that grounds sold by the railways additionally hurried settlement since they gave the least expensive and most advantageous method of getting ranchers produce to the business sectors. By this, I accept that the United States government assumed a significant job in building up the railroad framework and afterward came in to help the open when the privately owned businesses were abusing the overall population for a benefit. As indicated by the Links in unit 10, and as per what I have perused in theâ book, it appears as though the railroad framework was a venture that was hard to achieve. From the earliest starting point, and as observed inside the association pacific site, the laborers that chipped away at the railways were not all around treated by any stretch of the imagination. A significant number of them were dealt with like creatures with no self-value. These laborers were not really paid cash and the limited quantity of cash they got was insufficient for them to deal with their families. Every once in a while, a few laborers sorted out conventions and strikes to ensure that their voices were heard. The transformative intensity of the railways in the American West, in my view, can identify with the tern magic wands. Around then, the pioneers didn't have any method of transportation other than their creatures, and the railroad framework appeared to be the enchanted instrument. I figure the railroad accomplished work wonders for the individuals around then since it allowed them to travel and market their products somewhere else.

Admission Essays for EMBA Admission - The University of Chicago Booth Essay - 1

Affirmation Essays for EMBA Admission - The University of Chicago Booth School of Business - Essay Example My present key commitment is the usage of the new Cloud Computing Hosting Centers for the utility based administrations supplier iTricity at Belgium, The Netherlands and Luxembourg (IBM, 2008). Distributed computing speaks to another worldview in the way figuring will be done in business endeavors. The capability of distributed computing as a business action is extremely huge, with gauges proposing that the market for distributed computing in the following five years will contact $95 billion (King, 2008). Distributed computing is a developing innovation for Information Technology that gives quick conveyance of figuring assets that a business undertaking requires. These assets like registering administrations, stockpiling administrations and systems administration administrations are made accessible in a disentangled manner and on request. Such a methodology makes for quick advancement and the executives of these developments (IBM, 2009). My job in IBM’s exercises in the new distributed computing administrations is to help business endeavors, independent of size, to utilize the open doors introduced by this powerful registering model (IBM, 2008). My encounters as a venture supervisor actualizing inventive tasks have persuaded in the counsel of Drucker 1985, p. 98 that â€Å"knowledge-based developments can be touchy, impulsive and hard to direct†. Communicating with business pioneers to comprehend client what clients need and how this imaginative innovation would support their business exercises are a basic part of my job in the effective advancement of the distributed computing systems of IBM (Bower and Christensen, 1995). The motivation behind distributed computing communities is to give an answer for business ventures, presently confronting issues of consistently expanding equipment and application programming for their figuring needs, and I should have the option to persuade business pioneers that this imaginative arrangement will make an incentive for them (Sawhney, Wolcott and Arroniz,

IELTS Writing Task: Part Two

IELTS Writing Task: Part TwoIn my last IELTS article I covered a number of sample writing tasks that you could use in your own practice. Now I'm going to cover the next four part writing task course that I can suggest for an even faster way to learn how to write an essay on the test.The reason why I started this article is that you are going to be so close to the exam and just have so many things that you will need to study for. While these four tasks are not designed to be used at once, they will help you start to feel confident that you will be able to do this one thing or another. Here they are.Sample Essay - This is the first task that I'm going to recommend for you to use as a sample essay. Make sure that it is as detailed as possible. You may be overwhelmed with all of the choices that you have for topics to research and you will need to know what you should and shouldn't be doing in order to be effective at this task.Choose a topic that is easy to understand and the most impor tant aspect to look at when reviewing your sentence structure is your entire sentence structure. It is no good repeating what someone else has said or going on a rant about something that you don't know. You want to write about things that are easy to understand and actually say.Essay Submissions - For some reason when it comes to IELTS, students have a very difficult time understanding why it is important for them to complete their essay submissions on time. When they get back from submitting the essay and they see how late their grade is they start to panic. This is when you know that you have your problem under control.When you start to prepare for your exam you are going to realize that your time management skills aren't where they need to be. Once you get used to being organized then you will start to realize how much time you spend missing deadlines or missing assignments. Therefore, you will have to be extremely consistent about your time management.Review Time Management - I t's important that you recognize when you have had a good day and that you evaluate where you went wrong in your particular area of study. Remember that you are the only one who knows what you did wrong and therefore you will need to take the initiative to find out what you did right. Therefore, when you write a sentence review you should be looking for a sentence that can apply to all of your writing challenges.In conclusion, remember that the best IELTS writing course is the one that gives you practice on tasks that you may encounter on the actual exam. Don't wait until your writing is done and your essays are polished before you are ready to begin to prepare for this exam!

Ethical Decision Making Research Paper - 825 Words

Ethical Decision Making (Research Paper Sample) Content: Name:Instructor:Course:Date:Ethical Decision MakingEthical Decision Making refers to an analysis and the consequent action on an issue causing moral dilemma with regard to individual and cultural values. It also refers to the process of making choices that are beneficial to all parties involved. Quite often, people choose to do what is ethical as opposed to legal. However, some ethical decisions can lead to legal action according to an organizationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s legal policy CITATION Arc91 \l 1033 (Carroll). Within organizations and societies, sanctions are often imposed on people who fail to observe ethical standards; the respective laws may dictate the penalty for those found guilty of unethical behaviors. Almost all unethical behaviors are illegal CITATION OFa05 \l 1033 (Oà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Fallon and Butterfield).Recent interest in moral behavior and ethics in business mostly comes from attempts by scholars, practitioners and educators, and the public to determine what influences the behavior of executives. Many people choose to view these behavior cases from the viewpoint of ethics; the behavior of the executives is viewed as unethical. They are usually dismissed as unethical or immoral people. In addition, the solution is superior moral education in trade and other business programs. There are suggestions from some quarters that todayà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s business programs do not facilitate studentsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬ moral development of students and sometimes leave make students less moral than they enrolled for the programs CITATION OFa05 \l 1033 (Oà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Fallon and Butterfield).There is a difference between moral decision making and amoral decision making CITATION Arc91 \l 1033 (Carroll). People can act both ethically and unethically. Most people argue that the social scientist should not decide what people should do with regard to ethical or unethical behavior CITATION OFa05 \l 1033 (Oà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Fallon and Butterfield). However, they generally acknow ledge the significance of identifying criteria by which decisions are made. It is hard to define ethical behavior; there are many definitions, but most rely on using some standard of ethical actions from which individualà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s behavior can be judged CITATION Sco93 \l 1033 (Vitell, Nwachukwu and Barnes). All standards are subjective and cultural in nature; they are also subject to intensive debate.Moral behavior refers to acts aimed at producing kind and/or fair outcomes; it is comparable to prosocial behavior. Most individuals can identify behavior as ethical if goal identification is the source of motivation, that is, behavior can be labeled moral if it leads to positive outcome for others. Moral motivation is founded on empathy, moral affiliations, and principles CITATION Sco93 \l 1033 (Vitell, Nwachukwu and Barnes). If people accept the notion that moral behavior has an element of helping others (as opposed to egoistic motives), then there is need to examine the relevant other. An ethical decision can be referred to as decision that is acceptable in society, both morally and legally CITATION OFa05 \l 1033 (Oà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Fallon and Butterfield). Consequently, this definition creates a social standard of behavior based on cultural, community or organizational standard as opposed to an absolute standard. This creates confusion on what stand to use when one standard is being used in over-lapping reference groups CITATION Arc91 \l 1033 (Carroll).Personally, a functional conceptualization of ethics should create a distinction between legal and ethical behavior. These two are among the numerous social control mechanisms used to curb unwanted social behavior. Additionally, laws and ethical standards often coincide, supplement, strengthen and even conflict with one another.In my final year in high school, the principal was involved in a cheating case that denied me the first position in my Midyear examinations. It involved a student named Ashton, a son of th e schoolà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s principal, the principal himself and a physics teacher who altered Ashtonà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s Physicà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s grade. The Physics teacher was a close friend of the principal. The matter was known around the schoolà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s premises and tainted a negative image of the administration. The principal defended the school policy feverishly, arguing that teaching was not allowed in the school. However, a...

Personality Reflection - 976 Words

Delawrence Reed Psy/250 Version 6 Professor Wilkerson Personality Reflection Personality cares for the important, strong measures of a human being’s psychological vitality. Traits relates to an individual being merry or depressed, active or care less, brilliant or ignorant. There are many different definitions about personality. Most definitions are on mental system which is a cluster of mental pieces implicating purposes, feelings, and thinking patterns. The meanings alternate a little as to what those pieces may be, it comes to the concept that traits have patterns or worldwide operation mental systems. Let’s read a few of systems: Personality is the entire mental organization of a human being at any stage of his†¦show more content†¦Personally, I have to disagree with some of the predictions made by these tests. Some of the predictions made by these tests I feel are not accurate. An example would be that I scored high in the extravert section, but I do not feel like I would enjoy an interactive job with many people. As stated abov e I scored high on the self-monitoring test but I really do not do whatever it takes to get positive reactions from people. Basically, I do not think that by answering a series of question determined and person personality. Why you ask, the word change. Now, Well-designed and thoroughly tested personality assessments afford an extra element of information in the decision-making process that other forms of assessment are unable to offer. Specifically, when used in conjunction with a formal job-analysis, personality assessments become legally-defensible methods of selection in countries where unsuccessful candidates are able to appeal such decisions. Not all personality assessments are the same of course and the degree of validity afforded by an instrument will vary. Before investing in tests, it is important to understand the purpose for which the test was designed and in which different populations it has been tested. There are a huge number of free personality tests available on the internet and whilst these may be fun to complete, they usually are unsuitable in work situationsShow MoreRelatedPersonality Reflection649 Words   |  3 PagesPersonality Reflection Paper Ronald Aliangan PSY/250 September 13th, 2014 My personality can be defined as an amiable person that really cares about others. I am outgoing, sensitive, emotional, and direct. I have been known to put other people’s needs in front of my own. I am not usually short on things to say. Also I love being around friends and family, but also really love to have my alone time. I have two older sisters that ironically have very different personalitiesRead MorePersonality Reflection791 Words   |  4 PagesPersonality Reflection PSY/250 Personality Reflection In this Personality Reflection, I will define personality and define personal features of my own personality structures. Personality is what defines our characteristics as a human being. Individuals have different personality traits that make up our behavioral characteristics, which may include how we think or react. Some characteristics are inherited in our genes. For example, I have a mannerism of always chewing my tongue ever since IRead MorePersonality Reflection1076 Words   |  5 PagesPersonality Reflection Katie Smit PSY/250 August 20,2011 Dianne Hinz Personality Reflection Every individual has a different idea and thought about self and how self makes up their entire being. Self is made of the human’s own biology his or her cognitive process and perception of oneself compared to others. This paper is going to look at the concept of self and how this relates to real-life; situations affect a person’s self-efficacy and esteem. Personalities are made up of the characteristicRead MorePersonality Reflection Paper939 Words   |  4 PagesPersonality Reflection Paper Debbie Cooper PSY/250 July 30, 2012 AnneySnyder Personality Reflection Paper The following will reflect this researchers understanding and reflection on personality, how it defines one, what it means, and if one’s personality changes to fit certain situations. At the end this researcher may have a better insight into herself as well as the personalities of others. This insight can help her in her future endeavors. Personality I would define personality asRead MorePersonality Reflection Essay694 Words   |  3 PagesPersonality reflection Melody Jones PSY/250 April 14, 2011 Murray Johnson What is a personality? A personality is a reflection of a person identity of a human being but we don’t share the same type of personality. There are so many different type of personality in the world some people have outgoing, shy, crazy, and settle personality. There are some people where there culture and surrounding shape their personality traits. In my culture and surrounding it has help me shape my personalityRead MoreReflection Paper On Personality1427 Words   |  6 PagesFor this paper, I wanted to get an analytical point of view on what my personality is. To do this, I took two personality tests from the Similar Minds website. The first one I took was the Big 45 Test. That personality test consisted of 225 questions that gave me the answer range from ‘very inaccurate’ to ‘very accurate’. My results were nearly similar in percentage; for Extroversion I got 59%, Accommodation is 67%, Orderliness is 59%, Emotional Stability is 51%, and Open-m indedness is 73%. WhatRead MorePersonality Reflection Paper821 Words   |  4 Pagesthe Jungian Typology Test confirmed my introvert personality, along with even more relevant information regarding other aspects of my personality. I literally am reading the information you (Professor) posted in my discussion post about INTJ’s in the workplace and clapping aloud in amazement. I have always been captivated by astronomy, I absolutely love watching documentaries on the universe, dark/matter, black holes, etc. Seeing that my personality is the same as inspiring people like Stephen HawkingRead MoreReflection Paper On Personality2330 Words   |  10 PagesPersonality is a big part of who we are. Each personality is different. They all very in their strengths and shortcomings. Whatever type of personality a person may have, it is going to affect every aspect of their life. This is very true when it comes to their chosen career path. Your place of employment is one of the only pl aces as an adult, that you can’t control who you interact with. It is great to understand how your personality can shape your career path, your leadership style, and how youRead MorePersonality Profile Reflection Paper1336 Words   |  6 Pagestests are designed to inform us of our personality, and advantages and disadvantages that may come with it. The goal is to characterize patterns of behavior, emotions, and thoughts that a person has carried throughout their lifetime. Understanding these patterns of yourself and of those around you is beneficial for group dynamics. The more you know and understand your personality the better you will be able to see how others view and react to you. Personality assessments can help us locate and changeRead MorePersonality Profile Reflection Paper1743 Words   |  7 Pagesperformance in the workplace. To provide a personal perspective of personality characteristics, the International Personality Item Pool (IPIP) assessment was used to m easure aspects of my personality and how these traits relate to working with others and life within an organization. Key observations provide specific insight into how these are applied to workplace behavior and interactions with others. Personal self-reflection related to workplace behavior is offered, including lessons learned

Does Money Buy Happiness Essay - 1057 Words

In life, we all (mostly) strive for well-being and happiness. To be happy usually means to be content with oneself. So, what exactly determines happiness? Does one specifically choose to be happy? Or do other factors come into play, whether they may be external or internal? No doubt, no chart exists that determines ones happiness. Despite this, there are indeed other factors that come about. Those factors may include but are not limited to: self-choices and luck, life expectations, and money. For the most part, however, it is expected that happy people do in fact choose to be happy even in life’s dullest moments. Money is required for just about everything: higher education, housing, transportation†¦ the list is never-ending. The question â€Å"Does money buy happiness?† always arises when discussing the correlation between money and happiness. Therefore, it is no secret that money plays a vital role in life; many strive to make as much money to live as comfortable as possible. Even though money does play a crucial role – it is not a true indicator of happiness. For example, in the 1960’s, Japan was a rather deprived nation with little resources. Though, close to the 1990’s Japan acquired more wealth, and with that the average income for a Japanese person rose as well. Even though the average Japanese person had more wealth, studies show that happiness levels in the typical Japanese person were exceptionally similar when comparing the two time periods (Frank, R.H., 2005).Show MoreRelatedDoes Money Buy Happiness? Essay examples3941 Words   |  16 PagesDoes Money Buy Happiness? Donald Tolbert John Brown University Executive Summary The subject of this paper is the age-old question, â€Å"Does Money Buy Happiness†. On the surface, this question appears to be an easy one. Happiness however, is a subjective item. To better answer this, several points must be analyzed such as, â€Å"What is happiness?†, â€Å"How is it measured?† etc. To better streamline this process, a research question was developed: * â€Å"Does an increase in personal income causeRead MoreRichard Cory Summary : Money Does Not Buy Happiness1499 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"Richard Cory†: Money Does Not Buy Happiness Edwin Arlington Robinson explores the psychology of the way that society perceives wealth as being equal to happiness in his poem â€Å"Richard Cory†. There are plenty of clichà ©s that describe this psychology—from â€Å"keeping up with the Joneses,† to â€Å"the grass is always greener on the other side.† Society is obsessed with wealth. This is true especially when one is poor. There is a class divide, based on income, that keeps poor people from experiencing whatRead MoreMoney Can Buy Happiness : Happiness1653 Words   |  7 PagesMoney Can Buy Happiness Happiness, has long been an estate that huge numbers of individuals endeavor to create a path, that seeks to find it. Extensive research, surprisingly enough, does not have definitive answers on the concept of what makes one happy. As a matter of fact; there are as many attempts to define happiness, as there are the many scholars, theologians, psychologist and philosophers, curious enough to research it. Many ¬Ã‚ ¬; are unsuccessful in comparison to the ready definition ofRead MoreCan Money Buy Happiness?1324 Words   |  6 PagesCan money buy happiness? It’s a philosophical question that has been discussed for centuries and there is no simple answer. For example, Graham Hill in â€Å"Living with Less. A Lot Less† gives his input on this highly debated topic through a multitude of short anecdotes. She asked herself not if â€Å"Money can buy happiness,† but if money could â€Å"help buy happiness† (Rubin 293). She also brings up the idea of modest sp lurging and spending out as methods of using money to help one buy happiness. Rubin describesRead MoreMoney and Happiness1743 Words   |  7 PagesCan Money Buy Happiness In todays materialistic world, the phrase that ‘money cant buy happiness is tending to be proved hence otherwise. Social research and surveys have shown results based on an individuals income, health and the political scenario which is dominant in his or her region. It is quite obvious that the gap between the privileged and the not so is growing into a great divide giving rise to different class and status, thus defining ones social circle. It should therefore be understoodRead MoreMoney Can Buy You Happiness936 Words   |  4 PagesMany people say that money cant buy you happiness, well I don’t find that to be true. Having a large amount of money has become a dream in many peoples lives. Although money can buy you thing you want to make you happy, happiness is only bought by the people you surround your self with. Many people are convinced that money can buy a person happiness, however most happiness comes from families and friends. Money can buy you happiness because , money can buy you security, stress free, healthcare, andRead MoreCan Money Buy Happiness?1637 Words   |  7 Pages Does Happiness Come With A Price? Malcom Williams Can Money Buy Happiness? Abstract In this paper, I argue and show various sources addressing the correlations between money and happiness through subjects such as pro-social spending, materialism, the pursuit of spending on others, and the effects of homelessness on physical and mental health. Much of the time, cash can have a negative impact on both, particularly the. Now and again, in any case, cash may positively affect satisfactionRead MoreMoney Can Buy Happiness945 Words   |  4 PagesCan money buy you happiness? It is a classical debate, sparked by the left-wing communists and religious leaders who suggest that a person can live a full life without the pursuit of money, and instead one must look to a more spiritual existence above the material desires. It is perhaps conceivable in a century gone by where people grew all their food and believed in witches, that a human could forge a fulfilling existence without the need of money to satisfy our desires. However in today’s societyRead MoreMoney Is Not Abl e For Buy Happiness933 Words   |  4 Pages There are various instances where the novel Sister Carrie presents the idea that money is not able to buy happiness. Carrie, the protagonist of the novel, attempts to use money to create happiness in her life, but throughout her journey she finally starts to realize that her happiness cannot be constantly associated with wealth. This theme is supported through the actions and words of the protagonist. The protagonist, Carrie, is the main character in the story. Many specific lines in the novel indicateRead MoreEssay on Can Money Buy Happiness?1721 Words   |  7 PagesJanuary  24,  2015   Does  Money  Really  Bring  Happiness?      John  Locke  once  stated  that  all  men  have  the  right  to  life,  liberty,  and  property.  The   author  of  the  Declaration  of  Independence,  Benjamin  Franklin,  changed  this  statement  to  the   right  to  life,  liberty,  and  the  pursuit  of  happiness.  People  have  the  constitutional  right  to  be   joyful  and  therefore  strive  for  it,  but  what  is  it  that  really  brings  people  glee?  Many  people   believe  that  the  answer  to  this  question  is  simply  money.  They  think  that  the  more  money  they

Helping The Homeless Population With Survival Kits

Responsible leaders take seriously the need of the people they provide assistance to. During supervision, while working with the homeless in seeking housing resources, there has been other needs that the people requested during their visits to the office such as showering or washing their clothes. In doing so, they also needed basic toiletries and clothing especially during the winter months, they need warm clothing. However, working in an organization with limited funds and with it’s current status of state funding budget cuts, creates a larger barrier in the need to provide necessary items for those that are experiencing homelessness. As the barriers were presented, it was discovered that the organization has a need to request donations for the purpose of providing assistance to the homeless population with survival kits to become proactive for the people’s health and wellness. However, some issues with requesting donations were presented. But a goal was set to commit to the cause. The initial barrier as an employee of a non-profit organization, there is no support from the hierarchy leadership team, as that the role of the business to seek donations for the business itself for all that receive services beyond the homeless program. In sharing with the Chief Administrator Officer, it was approved to create the drive under the organization’s 50(c)3 and tax exempt number. However, all connections of donations must be directed to the Marketing Department. The MarketingShow MoreRelatedKelsey Bradley. Kendra Gallos. English Iii Honors. 6 April1619 Words   |  7 Pageslinger from other homeless people sleeping close by is nauseating but soon goes away because it becomes a way of life. Hunger has set in and begging people for food is the only option. People in society tend to label the homeless as alcoholics or drug abusers. The homeless people who choose to do such things set a bad example for homeless individuals who truly need help. Homelessness affects people of all ages, races, and backgrounds and most people in society judge the homeless unfairly becauseRead MoreThe Homeless Are Homeless : A Middle Class Lifestyle After Marriage1654 Words   |  7 Pagesmany people can end up homeless from children, to adults, and even veterans. According to Doran, fifteen percent of America’s homeless are chronically homeless, which means the person has been homeless continuously for a year or more or has had at least four episodes of homelessness in the past three years (Doran). The reason there are so many homeless people now in the country is because of a very punitive and moralistic societal value we have about people who are homeless and in desperate need.Read More Homeless Children and the Educational System Essay2484 Words   |  10 PagesHomeless Children and the Educational System Many people still think of homeless transients as alcoholics and/or mentally disabled. The truth is, the current homeless population consists of runaway adolescents, single adult males or females, battered women and over one million homeless families with children – typically headed by a female parent. To be homeless means that one’s primary residence is a public or private shelter, emergency housing, hotel, motel, living with family or friendsRead MoreAccidental Death, Domestic Violence, And Alcoholism3641 Words   |  15 PagesAct and the marketplace health insurance enrollment process for Native American and Alaska Natives. Also the Native Language Preservation and Maintenance program provides opportunities to assess, plan, develop and implement projects to ensure the survival and continuing vitality of native languages,† (http://www.acf.hhs.gov/program-topics/native-americans/tribes). 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It is not a matter of giver and receiver, acting outRead MoreMarketing Principle Quiz20161 Words   |  81 PagesFeedback: | Jacques Torres Chocolate has a market orientation. | | | | |   Ã‚  Question 5 | 1 out of 1 points    | | What is the fundamental objective of most businesses? | | | | | Selected Answer: |   a.   survival, profits, and growth | Correct Answer: |   a.   survival, profits, and growth | Feedback: | The use of marketing allows businesses to achieve this objective. | | | | |   Ã‚  Question 6 | 1 out of 1 points    | | Which of the following measures would be the bestRead MoreAcca F5111177 Words   |  445 Pages....... iv Topic index ..................................................................................................................................................................... vii Using your BPP Learning Media Practice and Revision Kit .......................................................... ix Passing F5 Revising F5 ..................................................................................................................................................................Read More_x000C_Introduction to Statistics and Data Analysis355457 Words   |  1422 PagesEstimation Using a Single Sample 9.1 Point Estimation 476 475 9.2 Large-Sample Conï ¬ dence Interval for a Population Proportion 482 9.3 Conï ¬ dence Interval for a Population Mean 495 x ââ€"   Contents 9.4 Interpreting and Communicating the Results of Statistical Analyses 508 Activity 9.1 Getting a Feel for Conï ¬ dence Level 514 Activity 9.2 An Alternative Conï ¬ dence Interval for a Population Proportion 515 Activity 9.3 Verifying Signatures on a Recall Petition 516 Activity 9.4 A Meaningful ParagraphRead More65 Successful Harvard Business School Application Essays 2nd Edition 147256 Words   |  190 Pagesto voice ames.. sage, and this author clearly captures the hearts and minds of her readers. 19 AVin bansal This past summer, the VP and the only other associate on my team left Summit. The associate, my mentor, had been instrumental in helping me build financial and sales abilities in sourcing new oppor.. tunities..Without his and the VPs support, I knew that I would be called upon to step up and that my leadership would be tested in new and unforeseen ways. This quickly proved to beRead MoreLibrary Management204752 Words   |  820 Pageseconomic conditions in varying countries. Nonetheless, the following skills are essential to most contemporary managers: †¢ Political Skills. Libraries and information agencies are intensely political organizations, and awareness of this is vital to survival in today’s climate. Managers need to create a vision and inspire others to believe in that vision. They must create a climate conducive to strategic thinking and action. Organizations are often hotly and intensely political, both internally and in

Gender Is A Matter Of Culture Essay - 1870 Words

What is Gender? According to the Ann Oakley (1972), â€Å"Gender is a matter of Culture, it refers the classification of men and women into masculine and feminine.’’ What is the role of men, women and Transgender in the society? Historically, the role of men is treated as a head of the household, bread winner of the family and respectable persons in the society. And the women have been given the role of being the caretaker of the household and the children. This position has several times been abused and reduced to a mere position of on who can be abused with surreal amounts of work, at the same time, could be given the least of resources and opportunities. The transgender population was always treated as an isolated group, with minimum opportunities and even lesser respect and dignity. Occupation and Gender: According to the ILO 3.0 Billion people were employed around the world in 2008, in this 1.2 billion (40.4%) were women. In this employment pattern 61% of people working in the agricultural field and other areas, 29% in middle income countries and 4% rich countries. The pattern of employment in working areas of men, women and transgender is varies from one country to another. Mostly in developing countries the working population of men are high as compare to the group of women and transgender, but if we see in developed countries it is different as in developing countries. But still the majority of working population is higher in men than the women and transgender. GENDERShow MoreRelatedEffects Of Advertisements On Children And Children900 Words   |  4 Pagesadvertisement is trying to prove that gender doesn’t matter. Men have the same responsibilities as women. According to certain theory children and teenagers learn about gender roles through actual experience, but also through how they see others act. Teenagers and children don’t know how to act right way in some situations, so they act as how they saw others act and what they saw on Advertisements or on television. Parents play a big role in how children view their own gender. Advertisements has two impactRead MoreGender Analysis : Gender And Gender857 Words   |  4 Pages1. Gender performance is what we do to show how we identify ourselves when it comes to gender. As it says in the second slide of the Chapter three PowerPoint, gender isn’t what we do, it’s who we are, and what we become. If you are a guy, you normally dress like a man. Like the example from class you don’t usually see a man wearing a skirt when he attends class or goes to work. This is changes culturally because not all cultures see gender the same way that our culture does. Our culture usually onlyRead MoreGender, Gender And Sex Matters904 Words   |  4 PagesGender and Sex Matters This class is all really interesting for me, except the two features I talked above, all the other topics are just too attractive and applaud me. The gender problems totally right, and I believe this happens in every country. When I translated â€Å"Sex† and â€Å"Gender† in the dictionary, it gives us the same meaning: male and female. Thus I ‘m really surprised when I found they have different meanings in class! As referred to by Allen, Sex is a biological classification while genderRead MoreNight to his day858 Words   |  4 PagesConstruction of Gender By Judith Lorber Afterreading Judith Lorber article† Night to his day† the social construction of gender, I realized that we have been â€Å"doing gender† every day without us noticing. These â€Å"doing gender†activities have implement into our brain through life experience, parents and social life. In her article, she â€Å"denaturalized† gender into three different categories: â€Å"individual; society; and gender†. First of all, she talks about how we determine gender for each individualRead MoreBeing Bilingual Consist Of Two Cultures And Two Languages,1370 Words   |  6 PagesBeing bilingual consist of two cultures and two languages, it builds into self identity. Spanish and English in America is seen as an advantage, and in Mexico it is seen as unique and educated. Due to past experience as a child and now as a young adult, I have seen both the disadvantages and advantages of being bilingual in the United States. Bilingual children in America are usually children of Mexican immigrants who learn no perfect Spanish, what they know is taught by their (most likely) uneducatedRead MoreMary Shelly s Frankenstein And The Hidden Self1662 Words   |  7 Pagesimportant to obtain knowledge no matter the gender or sexuality of a person or thing. Another great text for example can be Joanna Russ’ how to write like a Women, as it to shows the great importance of knowledge as well. Furthermore, gender is widely seen as what one is born like, but I see it as the way someone identifies themselves as, so no matter the gender or sexuality of one’s person, knowledge will always have the same meaning of learning power no matter who it is addressed to. KnowledgeRead MoreGender Is A Social Construct Rather Than Of Biological Origin1732 Words   |  7 Pages Gender is a social construct which is regarded as a sociolinguistic variable that affects language use in society. This contributed to characterizing many different aspects of life that were thought to be understood to be of social construct rather than of biological origin. Language as a crucial communication tool, not only reflects the reality of the society, but also has various functions to strengthen and maintain social existence. Males and females use different ways of thinking, processingRead MoreGender Roles in Moso806 Words   |  3 Pages are called uncle. A family properties are inherited through the female line. Men seem to have less authority in dealing with family matters. That is why Moso has been depicted as â€Å"a kingdom of women†. This essay will try to argue that women are not superior to men in Moso. The essay will first delve into the gender roles, which refers to roles assigned by culture to the biological differentiation of the sexes, performed in fam ily and economic aspects, followed by some major restrictions imposedRead MoreWhat Are Gender Roles?1123 Words   |  5 PagesSummer Evans Essay 4 Prof. LaTour Eng. 101 Specific Gender Roles What are gender roles? Gender roles are those that are portrayed by a certain gender identity. In other words, a male and/or female should act and dress as if their gender is supposed to as seen by society. Guys will wear shorts and a T-shirt while girls will wear dresses and skirts; that is just how society sees an individual. Men and women’s gender roles reflect on what others will think in today’s society. Society sees men andRead Moreâ€Å"Transsexual and Transgender Policies in Sport†, Essay931 Words   |  4 PagesSport†, the vast variety of genders that make up our society today including transsexuals and transgender are still not accepted into the world of sports due to anxieties from large sporting organizations. In our culture, there is a ‘binary structure’ which separates male from female. When a person is transsexual or transgender, the binary structure becomes challenged. There are so many exceptions to the binary structure, that it becomes nearly impossible to universalize â€Å"gender inclusive policies†. These

How Ebay Is An American Multinational Corporation And E...

Overview of the company: eBay.com eBay is an American multinational corporation and e-commerce company, that provides consumer-to-consumer sale-services through the Internet. eBay was initially founded as an auction web by a computer programmer called Pierre Omidyar, and during the dot-com bubble it manage to prevail and it ended up being a notable success story. In September 1997, the company officially changed its name to eBay and in 1998 it went public. Today it is a multibillion-dollar business with operations localized in over 30 countries (Global Trade, 1995-2016). There are millions of items available on eBay, from used cars to collectible items such as coin memorabilia. The firm empowers exchange on local, national and global business sectors around the globe. Unlike Amazon, which threatened the existence of local retailers, eBay facilitates local individual retailers/mom-and-pop stores/retail chains and offered them a platform to sell their merchandise with the advantage of same-hour delivery. The Business Model eBay is a meeting place where people come to shop, sell, buy, and collect items of their choice through a fixed price storefront or through auction. The website offers the convenience of buying and selling from the comfort of the users home. In March 2013, eBay released a study that suggested that e-commerce experienced 60% less trade friction than traditional avenues of international trade and reduced the negative effect of trade costs. Operation strategyShow MoreRelatedThe Strategy And Priorities Of The Product Service942 Words   |  4 Pagesthese three different service providers with the help of â€Å"COMPETITIVE PRIORITIES BY KRAJEWSKI RITZMAN† and â€Å"ORDER WINNING CRITERIA BY T. HILL† . Each and every corporate objectives and marketing strategies are taken into deliberation to comprehend how the services win orders in the market place, by taking source from the particular provider’s promotional information and reviews. Every service developers comes up with disparate new ideas to provide best service quality to the costumers. Some of theRead MoreTaking a Look at eBay Inc.978 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction As the majority of us know, eBay Inc. is an American based (Headquarters: San Jose, California) multinational corporation that is dominant on the internet for consumer-to-consumer product or goods sales. eBay Inc. was founded in the year of 1995 as a personal project by its founder cum creator, Pierre Omidyar, for his personal goal of assisting his wife’s personal hobby of collecting Pez dispensers. However, in 1998 the company went public, and since then it’s President and CEO hasRead MoreDesigning An E Commerce Solution Evaluation Essay1624 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Types of E-commerce†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢ € ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. E-commerce in use by organisations†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦... Financial implications†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. Designing an e-commerce solution†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Evaluation†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã ¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. References†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Introduction. Many businesses have shown that after implementing an e-commerce system into their companies, sales have increased immenselyRead MoreAnalysis of Ebay China’s Failure and Suggestions to Ebay’s Return Strategy from the Perspective of Cross-Cultural Conflicts7600 Words   |  31 PagesAnalysis of eBay China’s Failure and Suggestions to eBay’s Return Strategy from the Perspective of Cross-cultural Conflicts 1. Introduction Along with the development of global economy, no one is unfamiliar with the word of globalization, and the world is filled with multinational-corporations. In such circumstances, those companies have realized that the necessary way to survive in the global market and maintain the competitive advantages is toRead MoreOverview Of Ebay Inc.854 Words   |  4 Pagesorganization eBay Inc. is am American multinational corporation and e-commerce company, providing consumer-to consumer sales services via the internet. Its head quarter is located in San Jose, California. The founder of eBay is Pierre Omidyar (1995). It is a multibillion dollar business with operations localized in over thirty countries. The company manages eBay.com, an online auction and shopping website in which people and business buy and sell a broad variety of goods and services worldwide. eBay connectsRead MoreEbay Inc. Is An American Multinational Corporation And E Commerce Company1354 Words   |  6 PageseBay Inc. is an American multinational corporation and e-commerce company in which people buy and sell goods via Internet based auction style sales. Amazon.com is an e-commerce company that enables customers to sell their products and fulfill orders through the company’s websites and the seller s own websites. Both of these sites sell a wide range of products, from clothing and fashion accessories to large electronic goods. Though these two companies both began as an online-based company that linksRead MoreCase Study on Ebay18810 Words   |  76 Pagesanswer the following questions: 1.Till 2005, eBay EachNet was the leader in the Chinese e-commerce market, controlling more than half of it. But eBay EachNet soon lost its market leadership position to Taobao.com (Taobao). In this context, analyze the reasons that can be attributed to Taobao’s edge over eBay. 2.a. To enable people to trade with each other, Pierre Omidyar created a marketplace in September 1995 which was later called eBay. 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Strategic Management Issues in Woolworths Company- myassignmenthelp

Question: Writeabout theStrategic Management Issues in Woolworths Company forIGA. Answer: Problem Statement The retail industry of Australia has only a few large retailers operating as supermarket stores including Woolsworth, ALDI, Coles group, IGA, Foodworks, Macro Wholefoods, and SPAR. However, there is large number of small retailers operating in the country. These retailers give a huge variety of choices of groceries and food items to customers and the retail industry as a whole contribute over 4% to the GDP of Australia. Woolworths is the largest retailer in Australia but with increasing growth of the supermarket, the retailer is facing strong competition from its major rivals. The margins of most retailers in the market are in similar range(Bluschke, 2016). Te only differentiation that these stores can create for consumers are service delivery and retail efficiency. To sustain and build a long term competitive advantage, Woolworths needs to enhance its service efficiency through innovation. If the company can use technological innovation to bring system excellence, service efficienci es can be improved in the stores. Lean principles focus on building efficiencies in the organization and can be used for addressing retail challenges. This research would explore various challenges that are faced by the retailer Woolworths and identify opportunities for making changes through lean practices such that efficiency of the retail processes can be improved(Ambernathy, Dunlop, Hammond, Weil, 2000). Research Aim and Objectives The aim of this research is to explore the strategic challenges faced by Woolworths and identification of opportunities for improvement through lean practices. TO achieve this aim, the following objectives have to be achieved: To explore strategic management challenges faced by Woolworths Company To analyse the challenges to identify opportunities for improvement To explore the opportunities to apply lean practices to eliminate wastes and increase efficiencies Application of lean principles to retail scenario for identifying opportunities for improvement in efficiencies Conceptual Framework A number of studies have been conducted to study the ways retail organizations develop, grow and succeed. Several theories have been developed with these studies that include cyclical theories, conflict theories and environmental theories. Cyclical theories have identified common retail development patterns. Wheel of retailing is one of the cyclical theories which explain the evolution of retail in three phases including entry into retail business with lower prices and margins, emerging into a retailer with high end prices and services followed by competition from new retailers(Oracle, 2015). The theory uses the concept of opportunistic buying, undercutting the existing players and establishing self retail in the market. At the end of the cycle, retailers upgrade their stores or add new product lines with increased prices that enable retailers to work with higher margins(Diamond, 2004). For such a growth path to sustain, strong leadership is needed in an organization as it grows as r etailer expands through enhancements in their merchandize quality and quantity. With these advances, the cost of operations also increases and thus, makes way for the entry of new low cost retailers in the market. Retail life cycles which is another model for studying retail growth among cyclical theories identifies four stages of retail store development including innovation, growth, maturity, and decline that all the organizations go through in its life span(Nielsen , 2013). The time span of each of this phase can vary. In the stage of innovation, investments are high and profits are less while are growth stage, retailer begins to expand along with others in competition till a point maturity is reached in the market and the industry starts t get saturated which is followed by a decline. At this point, innovation is used to revive the market. At this point retailers look for expanding into new markets that have not been explored by the retailer(Dydacomp, 2014). Retail Accordion is another age old cyclical theory in retailing which recognizes the tendency of tailers to alternate between specialization and diversification forming a cyclical pattern of growth and development(Stauss Seidel, 2012). A retailer may be with one niche specialization and then diversify into new products and services. For instance, Amazon started as a book store but soon ventured into other products like apparels and electronics. After establishing itself as a consumer goods retailer, Amazon then diversified into live streaming of videos and recently, it has also started its grocery division(KPMG, 2015). Environmental theories of retail evolution explore the interplay between the internal and external environment of an organization. External environment is composed of political, cultural, demographic, legal, technological and economic aspects. Depending on the variation sin the environment, retail industry matures or goes through a process of innovation which changes the environment giving way to new opportunities(Motorola Solutions, Inc., 2013). Evolution theory which is an environmental theory believes in the process of survival and natural selection and states the organizations adapt to the changing environment to sustain the markets. With change in the environmental factors like political, legal, economic, technological and social paradigms, structures of retail also change. Institutional theory on the other hand identifies organization as a part of its environment and thus, is believed to be interdependent with the environment. As per this theory, the cultural and economic norms of the environment are reflected in the decisions of a retail organization(IBSCDC, 2009). These norms can exist both at task and institutional levels. At task level, norms are linked to performance while at the institutional level; actions are constrained by culture or morals. For example, decisions about merchandize assortment and inventory management are governed by task related norms while promotional activities are governed by institutional n orms such as community practices(Frei Harker, 2000). Conflict theory addresses the concerns of an organization that is newly innovation and in the process; it challenges the status quo which requires a major shift in the market as well as in the organizational culture. A continuous shift happens between actions; reaction and synthesis as the retail come with a competitive advantage as an action and then takes actions that would reduce the competitive advantage which is a reaction(IBM, 2010). This reaction eventually results into modification in the operating methods of the organization. A continual adaptation follows along resulting into synthesis and evolution of innovative formats that establish themselves over time. The theory identifies four stages of innovation in a retail organization that include giving shock to market, giving defensive retreats, acknowledgements, and adaptations. Initially, a retailer is hostile to the threats faced in the industry but as soon as it moves to the stage of innovation, the process advances to the final phase of success(Gupta Kumar, 2014). Research Methodology Research Approach This research involves examination of the strategic challenges that are faced by Woolworths Company such that specific solutions can be come up with for resolving those challenges. This requires a general investigation of the challenges faced by the organization in depth such that specific areas that present the scope for improvement can be identified. As the research needs to go from the exploration of general issues to identification of specific solutions, a deductive reasoning would make a suitable approach for this research. Research Philosophy Choice of a research methodology largely depends on how the knowledge is perceived and believes in its existence. Here, an understanding of epistemology that identifies ways people think about truth and ontology that describes the way things are would be useful for identification of an appropriate methodology. Objectivists believe in existence of truth that can be proven by facts while interpretivists believe in existence of collective interpretations that emerge from believes of different people that can be brought together to explain a phenomenon. In the current case, there is an existence of a truth which can be explained by observing the patterns of retail data such that research can find out what realities exist, what challenges are faced and how these can be tackled. Thus, a positivist approach to research would be taken involving exploration of the observable facts. Research Design As this research needs to investigate the challenges faced by the retailer Woolworths Company, it would need an understanding of the perspectives of the people who deal with those challenges and they would include the employees of the organization who would need to be interviewed. The research would take a mixed approach to research as the phenomenon that has already been studied earlier with some useful findings can create a foundation which can further be used for refining the primary investigation. The research would explore the past research as a secondary research and would analyse the patterns in the existing data to identify challenges, scope for improvement through lean approach and explore the solutions that have already been used to assess their effectiveness(TCS, 2015). Based on the analysis of the secondary data obtained in the literature review, a primary questionnaire would be developed for conducting a survey on the employees of the organization for the primary quantit ative investigation. Information Collection Process The research would be conducted in two parts including secondary qualitative data collection through study of past literatures and researches from journals, research reports, books, and other authentic documents followed by a primary research for which the data would be collected from the employees of the organization for understanding the challenges they face and how they deal with them(The University of Reading , 2001). Sampling and Sample Size A sample of 31 managers working for the Woolworths Company would be taken including those working at senior and mid senior level positions from different departments. These departments would include strategy department, service delivery, ecommerce sales, logistics, and merchandizing. One senior and two mid-senior level managers would be taken from each department for conducting the survey. The sample size has been decided on the basis of the organizational structure and its division into department such that representatives are chosen from each department. Data Analysis The research is a mixed research which includes secondary qualitative data in the literature review that would analyse using a narrative approach to identify possible themes or codes for the primary research on the retailing challenges, solutions and possible gaps that leave a scope for improvement. The analysis results would then be used for creating a primary survey questionnaire which would be used for the primary research which would include collection of the research data from 31 managers and analysis of the same. The survey data would include the qualitative data resulting from the open ended questions and the objective coded data that would result from the objectives questions asked to these respondents(WEF, 2017). A descriptive statistical analysis would be used to analyse the quantitative data which would deliver insights on the challenges faced by retailer and the solutions that have been proven to be useful. It would also include exploration of the gaps that still exist in the company and are required to be improved through the practice of lean(The University of Reading , 2001). The qualitative data resulting from the open ended question responses would be analysed using conceptual content analysis approach which would help identify the challenges that are currently faced by the managers working for the organization and have not been identified in the past researches. This data analysis is expected to deliver some new themes on challenges and opportunities for improvements in retailing. Data Collection Techniques The selected respondents would be given a questionnaire to fill online for the survey such that the data would be collected in the real time through a web based platform from where the data would be downloaded for the analysis. A primary survey questionnaire would be used for collecting the survey data that would identify if the challenges identified in the literature review are faced by the company management, if the discovered methods work to resolve challenges and explore if there were more challenges and scope for improvement. The data collected would be coded into SPSS file which would be further used for analysis. The questionnaire that would be used for the data collection would have both qualitative and quantitative data in the forms of objective questionnaire and the open ended questionnaire. While the objective section of the questionnaire would explore the views of the managers on the existing research findings to understand if they apply to the case of Woolworths, the ope n ended question would explore additional challenges and ways to tackle them that are used by the employees of the organization. Organisation, project budget and schedule Woolworths was founded by Percy Christmas in 1924 in Sydney and is operating today with over 3200 stores in Australia and New Zealand, managed by over 180,000 employees serving 28 million customers across the globe. Over the years, the company became the largest retailer with 31% share in the Australian market. Major brands of the retailer include Safeway supermarkets, Dick Smith electronics, BWS, Dan Murphys and Tandy. This research would explore the retail division of the organization to understand the strategic challenges that are faced by the organization today with an aim to identify opportunities for improvement in the organization. The project would be completed in 3 months which would include identification of objectives, literature study, questionnaire development, survey, data analysis and reporting. A budget of $1200 is required for the completion of the research. The research would follow the schedule given below: Research Activity Milestone Refining aims and objectives of the research 30 days Literature review 15 days Research methodology development 15 days Questionnaire development 10 days Submission of research proposal to Woolworths to get permission for survey 15 days Survey of managers in working in Woolworths 10 days Coding of research data into SPSS 20 days Statistical analysis of quantitative data 20 days Conceptual content analysis of qualitative data 15 days Data Interpretation 15 days Recommendations 10 days Report development 5 days Proofreading and editing 3 days Reference List Ambernathy, F. H., Dunlop, J. T., Hammond, J. H., Weil, D. (2000). Control your Inventory in the World of Lean retailing. Harvard Business Review. Bluschke, N. (2016). To E or not to Be Amazon's role in the retail industry. Module Vienna University. Diamond, E. (2004). Fashion Retailing: A Multi-Channel Approach. Prentice Hall Publications. Dydacomp. (2014). Drive Your Retail Sales Growth With Operational Efficiencies eBook. Dydacomp. Frei, F. X., Harker, P. T. (2000). Value Creation and Process Management: Evidece from Retail Banking. Wharton Financial Institutions Center. Gupta, S., Kumar, N. (2014). Retail Analytics: Game Changer for Customer Loyalty. Cognizant. IBM. (2010). Increasing Sales, Improving Efficiency, Working Smarter in Retail. IBM. IBSCDC. (2009). Indian Organised Retail: In Search of the Right Model. IBS CDC. KPMG. (2015). Indias e-commerce retail logistics growth story. CII. Motorola Solutions, Inc. (2013). IMPROVE PRODUCTIVITY AND CUSTOMER SERVICE IN THE RETAIL STORE WITH AUTOMATED INVENTORY MANAGEMENT. Motorola Solutions, Inc. Nielsen . (2013). Continuous Innovations: The Key to Retail Success. The Nielsen Company. Oracle. (2015). Oracle Retail Markdown Optimization. Oracle. Stauss, B., Seidel, W. (2012). Complaint Management in Retailing. Springer. TCS. (2015). A Lean Six Sigma Approach to Improving Efficiency in Retail Store Operations. TCS. The University of Reading . (2001). Approaches to the Analysis of Survey Data . The University of Reading . WEF. (2017). Shaping the Future of Retail for Consumer Industries. World Economic Forum.

Managing People in an Organisation-

Questions: 1.Challenges to anticipate in creating a shared vision for this changed Organization? 2.Internal and External Environmental Factors to consider in carving out a Multicultural Leadership path that will support success of the Organization. 3.How to work differently to Cultivate Organizational support within the different business units that is necessary to ensure the success of the Multicultural leadership effort. Answers: One challenge that the manager will face is integrating the varying needs of business units in different countries to a shared vision. The units exist in different countries with varying business environment and cultures that may be challenging to integrate into one since it is difficult to capture the collective mind and will. Further, Senge (1990, p. 10) adds that the environment may offer different rapid changes that may threaten to craft the vision to pull business needs towards the required organizational vision. The strategy may cause different creative organizational tensions that may require different levels of energy to harness them which may take longer or require more resources to achieve the intended outcome. Management will be forced to develop ways of meeting the varying needs of the business units and align them to the required goals. 2.Internal environment factors are systems, people, structures and conditions inside an organization that are controlled by the company. These factors are associated with the organizational culture and management style that may influence the leadership path to be taken by the organization to achieve the intended outcome. On the other hand, external environmental factors occur outside the organization may cause change since they are not under leadership control (Shieh Wang 2010, p. 299). These include economic forces, competition, customers, political and social conditions. These factors affect growth and long-term sustainability thus the need to monitor them and develop strategies to adapt to the external environment through a reactive approach. Leaders need to scan the environment through monitoring the above factors and develop strategies to accommodate opportunities and resolve threats through adjusting the system to adapt. SWOT and PESTEL analysis are the two tools used to appra ise the organization and change for the environment. 3.Cultivating organizational support requires working with the company to develop new abilities through developing strategic thinking in leaders. Learning systems are characterized by system thinking, mental models, shared visions, team learning, and personal mastery (Senge, et al. 1999, p. 11). Informed learning organization leaders will then work effortlessly to align the organizations culture to its teams. This new culture will form the basis organizational change to adapt to the environment. Strategic leaders work on business changes that exist in the environment through developing their internal abilities to strategic thinking to meet the changing needs. This strategy will help people work together to achieve the business goal despite coming from different units and backgrounds. Further, flattening the leadership structure to create a balance between different units will lead to reduced elitism and focus on business processes(Erbe, 2014). Salaries and responsibilities need to be balanced across the board to create a business environment that meets the needs of the organization rather than the individual. Leaders need to be trained on how to align human resources towards the business strategy at all times to develop business competitiveness. Lastly, motivation can be used to achieve support from different entities within the organization. Since leadership focusses on achieving desired outcomes through providing direction, motivation can be used to elicit certain behaviors in the organization that lead to achieving your multicultural leadership effort. Organizations should strive to meet employee needs for them to fulfill their requirements in the social contract that they have with the business (D'Souza Gurin 2016, p. 8). Different strategies like use of stimulus, employee training, work-life balance and organizational support can be used to create the desired outcomes. References D'Souza, J. Gurin, M., 2016. The universal significance of Maslow's concept of self-actualization. The Humanistic Psychologist, 44(2). Erbe, N., 2014. Approaches to Managing Organizational Diversity and Innovation. Chocolate Avenue: IGI Global Book Series. Senge, P., 1990. The Leader's New Work: Building Learning Organizations. Sloan Management Review, pp. 7-21. Senge, P. et al., 1999. The Dance of Change. NewYork: Currency Doubleday. Shieh, C. Wang, I., 2010. A study of the relationships between corporate core competence management innovation and corporate culture. International Journal of Organiational Innovation, 2(3), pp. 395-411.

How to Prepare For the California Proficiency Essay Questions

How to Prepare For the California Proficiency Essay QuestionsAre you ready to take the California proficiency exam? Knowing the most common California proficiency essay questions will help you prepare for the exam. I will show you a sample test question and then explain how you can study for the exam.The California proficiency exam is basically just like the GMAT or the GRE. They are two similar tests, but they both use the same format. This format is where you answer several multiple choice questions. You are given points based on the answers you provide to the questions. You will earn a certain number of points that you can use to earn a certain amount of credits.Writing proficiency essay questions are a little different from the general GRE writing test. GRE writing test requires you to demonstrate your ability to think about things and generate the right kinds of arguments. On the other hand, in the California proficiency essay questions, you have to answer and create topics and write paragraphs. Since you have not written anything before, it's important to get an idea of what kind of topics you would want to write about. Also, it's important to know how much time you have to spend on the essay.Write the essay in your own words. You need to make sure that the essay is not plagiarized. If you take someone else's work and change the wording, you will lose the originality of the essay. So, avoid making a huge mistake. Try not to forget important details in the article, since these details can be used in a later on.You can use a software program to proofread your essay. The California proficiency test includes multiple choice questions. You need to be able to answer all the questions correctly. The software program will detect the spelling and grammar errors. You will need to edit the questions after you solve them. This is so that you do not make mistakes with the essay.When it comes to writing about science texts, you need to be aware of the subject. If you d o not understand the material well, then you will fail the essay. Although there are some well-known authors, if you are not familiar with their work, then you need to learn about the subject. You should also make sure that the writers were expert writers.When you're thinking about the post-graduate studies, you will find that studying for the test is easier. You do not have to go through all the humanities and social sciences. It's good if you choose subjects that you are good at. In fact, you can even choose subjects that are challenging and difficult. In this way, you will still be able to pass the test.

McDonald’s At the Face of the Competitive Challenges in HRM Essay Example

McDonald’s: At the Face of the Competitive Challenges in HRM Essay McDonalds proclaims itself as the worlds community restaurant and is proud of their long-standing commitment to a workforce that values diversity. McDonald’s believe in developing and maintaining a diverse workforce that will strengthen the McDonalds system (McDonald’s Company Website).Recruitment at McDonalds is usually the same process in most countries. The applicant fills in an application form and, if successful, will be invited for an interview. Until the 1970s, the corporation routinely put applicants through a half-hour lie detector test in some US restaurants, largely to determine whether or not they had any sympathy for trade unions. This practice was only ended after threats of legal action and changes in American labor law (Vidal, 1997). At present, it appears that having the right attitude is the most important attribute to obtain employment at McDonalds. As a global company, McDonald’s successfully fulfilled the six competitive challenges facing human resources management departments: Going Global, Embracing Technology, Managing Change, Developing Human Capital, Responding to the Market, and Containing Costs. In an article entitled McDonalds Serves up HR Excellence, it claimed the food chain excelled at pulling potential employees into its company: Satisfying the six competitive challenges that human resources management, the company has attracted one-eighth of the American work force (Flynn, 1996). Thus, it is safe to say that McDonald’s fulfilled these six challenges in their strategies in human resources management. In a nutshell, McDonalds basic HR philosophy works in most operations are always open to change.   However, the prime reason why McDonalds HR is so successful because it always remembers its people. McDonald’s goal is to ensure that their work force is committed and the difference between McDonal d’s among other folks is about the commitment that they are able to engender through their people. We will write a custom essay sample on McDonald’s: At the Face of the Competitive Challenges in HRM specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on McDonald’s: At the Face of the Competitive Challenges in HRM specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on McDonald’s: At the Face of the Competitive Challenges in HRM specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer References Flynn, Gillian. (1996, January).McDonalds Serves Up HR Excellence, Personnel Journal, 75.1. McDonalds Company Website. (2005). Corporate Values. Retrieved March 25, 2006, from http://www.mcdonalds.com/corp/values.html Vidal, J. (1997). McLibel: Burger Culture on Trial, London: Macmillan.

Traits of an Abnormal Personality Disorder

Traits of an Abnormal Personality Disorder Free Online Research Papers Underlying Normal Traits within Abnormal Personality Disorders Abstract Scholars have argued for decades concerning the fact that there are normal personality traits underlying abnormal personality traits in people who exhibit dysfunctional personalities. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition is the determinative guide on the descriptions of these personality characteristics, and it determined that there were several models to be considered when looking for a universal clinical definition of abnormal personality. Researchers used either the Big Four, Big Five or other models to describe what an abnormal personality consisted of and how it related to a normal personality as studied. Researchers measured personality differences based on qualitative, quantitative and other key factor differences to determine normal or abnormal functioning personalities. It was difficult to determine one substantive definition, as the traits overlapped from normal to abnormal characteristics noted. Later, the definition of personality dysfunctions included life skills, personal tasks and life goals, and whether the individual was able to function as a member of his society, while meeting the expectations of that society. A person’s maladaptiveness and evolutionary sense were added as part of the definition of whether the personality was normal or abnormal, and whether a person had the skill to be able to manage personal relationships were considered as well in the general definition of abnormal personality. Today, treatment options are expanded from the traditional therapy treatments to include drug therapies, psychodynamic therapy, day hospital intervention, and dialectical behavior therapy. To date, day hospital interventions have proved very successful on non-schizophrenic patients suffering from abnormal personality traits. Introduction Scholars have argued for decades concerning the fact that there are normal personality traits underlying abnormal personality traits in people who exhibit dysfunctional personalities. Recently, scholars have begun to make an argument that current category systems of personality disorders (PDs) should be substituted by trait dimensional scheme designations in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition (DSM-IV; American Psychiatric Association, 2000). Experts are leaning towards using a Big Four model, which are â€Å"essentially maladaptive variants of the Big Five traits of normal personality, minus Openness† (Watson, 1545). In a discussion of this issue by Watson, Clark and Chmielewski, they state that the newly comprised Big Four model excludes odd or eccentric Cluster A PDs, (Watson, 1545) and that their results noted from three studies show a relationship examining the factors of normal and abnormal personalities. Their results established th at the Oddity factor was considered more broad than the Cluster A traits and more distinct from Openness and other Big Five models, which suggested â€Å"an alternative five factor model of personality pathology (considering only abnormal traits) and an expanded, integrated Big Six taxonomy that subsumes both normal and abnormal personality characteristics† (Watson, 1545). Model Theories The Watson study explains that the Big Four structure was a result of developed hierarchical models that combined general models, like the Big Three and the Big Five models. These former models of personality reviews included multidimensional factors reminiscent of past personality inventories. When the Big Three and Big Five models were formally combined, it was apparent that â€Å"two higher order traits- Neuroticism/Negative Emotionality and Extraversion/Positive Emotionality- are included in both models† (Watson, 1547). Considering these changes, Watson proposes a â€Å"Big Four† theory which does not include Openness, but does include many of the traits of the other theories. Watson reports that their research on the Big Five theory also includes research on a Big Six taxonomy â€Å"that subsumes both normal and abnormal personality dimensions (Watson, 1551). Definitions of Abnormal Personalities Researchers have made recent discoveries that â€Å"abnormal personalities can be modeled as extremes of normal personality variation† (O’Connor Doyce, 2001) (Markon, p. 139). Even though researchers agree that it is possible to describe normal and abnormal personalities within the same frameworks, they disagree on the structure of what the framework will encompass. Even abnormal personality traits are seen now as a variant of the extremes that can happen when reviewing normal personalities. One way to make sense of the distinctions between normal and abnormal personalities is to describe personality disorders (PDs) and develop a working definition for them. By defining the traits for PDs, the researcher is able to develop a base for delineating personalities studied. Once normal traits are identified, abnormal traits need to be assessed. This can be done by reviewing the Big Five model of abnormal personalities. This is the juncture that normal and abnormal personalities overlap. Apparently, there are similar modeling structures that can be utilized to describe both normal and abnormal personalities. Some traits are very common between the two models, and others mimic similar personality descriptions. Meta-analytic Investigation Model One cohesive factor that applies to both normal and abnormal personalities is the meta-analytic investigation model. This model was proposed by O’Connor in 2002, and it stated that there were structural relationships between normal and abnormal personalities (Markon, p. 142). The O’Connor study in 2002 reviewed 37 personality and psychopathology inventories to determine if dimensional structure differences existed between clinical and nonclinical respondents (O’Connor B.P., 2002). O’Connor found similarity between normal and abnormal populations reviewed and measured similarities â€Å"both in the number of factors that exist in the data matrices and in the factor pattern† (O’Connor B.P., 2002). The ten abnormal behavior disorders listed by the DSM-IV are listed as: paranoid, schizoid, schizotypal, antisocial, borderline, histrionic, narcissistic, avoidant, dependent, and obsessive–compulsive† (Livesley Jang, p. 258). Each of these disorders shows traits, and it is the way that professional clinicians are able to make accurate diagnoses of abnormal personality traits of their patients. This listing of traits by the DSM, showed that the distinction between what was considered normal and what was considered abnormal was often defined by distinguishing the â€Å"qualitative distinction between the two† (Livesley Jang, p. 258). Unfortunately, in truth researchers have come to find out that there are no true separations between normal and abnormal disorders, and they are hard pressed to find the dividing lines between the two entities. O’Connor asked whether the distinction can be made using former models, and what exactly was normal or abnormal personality disorder. When the conceptual distinctions between the two were reviewed, there are several models to note. The most noteworthy working model being that there was â€Å"no evidence of discontinuity in the distributions of 100 traits selected to provide a systematic representation of personality disorder† (Livesley Jang, p. 259). In other words, there was no concrete evidence that the researchers would consistently find traits that were exclusively common or descriptive of a specific personality disorder. In fact, personality disorders were measured across normal and control groups. The findings were that there were similarities within the disorder traits and that some equaled normal and others disordered personality traits. In this way, the researchers queried whether disorder traits could be seen in normal personalities. The answer was that there were few solid frameworks to make the decision which would provide a definitive answer to the question. In effect, extreme ends of the traits seemed to be deemed disorders, while extreme variations alone may not have been considered enough to state that a personality disorder actually existed. Quantitative Differences in Normal and Abnormal Personalities Quantitative differences exist between the normal and abnormal personality. The differences often mix up and muddle the personality traits and the disorders apparent within them. With personality disorders, often â€Å"it is difficult to see how an extreme score on dimensions such as conscientiousness, extraversion, or agreeableness is necessarily pathological. Researchers agreed that there were to be other additional factors that needed be present to justify the diagnosis (Livesley Jang, p. 262). That additional trait is inflexibility and subjective distress (Livesley Jang, p. 259). The character trait of inflexibility is defined as one where the person has extreme traits, but not necessarily only an extreme position noted on any given trait. For example, a person who is extremely open and gregarious, but then is not able to tone down his personality when necessary would be an example of this trait. Continuing with this example, what would make the person who is considered otherwise outgoing and spontaneous a person who is suffering from a personality disorder? Maladaptive Personalities The answer may come from prior work done by researchers who were determining personality and abnormal personality disorders. Extreme actions alone were not enough to say the person operated outside of â€Å"normal† personality parameters. The researchers at the time believed that personality disorders were the result of someone suffering from an abnormal variation of a personality being studied. It was measured in how much the person suffered from the disorder. This is where the theory of maladaptation or dyscontrolled impairment came into play (Widiger Trull, 1991; Widiger Sankis, 2000). The reason the researchers sought a generalized definition is that without one, they â€Å"would have to catalogue the various maladaptive manifestations of each trait† (Livesley Jang, p. 263). This was a difficult proposition, since even â€Å"normal† people were prone to exhibit maladaptive traits at some time in their lives. Another problem came with the idea of traits as one certain set of behaviors that were noted on subjects clinically or otherwise. Extreme exhibitions of a trait may show some measureable amount of psychopathology, but were not exclusively indicative of being considered classically maladaptive. In this way, the researchers determined that the â€Å"definition of personality disorder needs to incorporate features of disorder that are separate from, although possibly correlated with, extreme trait variation† (Livesley Jang, p. 263). Harmful Dysfunctional Traits in Personalities These descriptions of personality were necessary because there were more than these factors to consider when determining a personality disorder. In fact, personality was considered to be â€Å"a system of interrelated structures and processes† (Costa McCrae, 1994; Mischel, 1999; Vernon, 1964) which included a person’ dispositional traits, motives, coping mechanisms, and ability to tame impulses are part of the process of determining normal or abnormal indications of personality. In other words, if these traits were considered â€Å"harmful dysfunctions,† (Wakefield, 1992; Livesley Jang, p. 263) they consisted of harmful traits that were underlying natural functions. So, the definition of a personality disorder can be considered a harmful dysfunction in the normally adaptive functions of a person’s personality system (Livesley Jang, p. 263) Another issue within the developing studies of personality disorders was that personality functions were considered to be seen as disturbed in individuals who exhibited personality disorders. Researcher Cantor described a person’s personality as the types of tasks a person sets as personal goals, and they way the person looks at his or her â€Å"self, and life situations, and the strategies used to achieve personal tasks† (Livesley Jang, p. 263). This delineation of personality traits offered a true to form definition of what a personality disorder consisted of for the individual suffering from it. It was considered of a higher order than simply a dysfunction of a personality trait. Here it was described as needing to concentrate on life tasks as the determining factor to determining if an individual had a personality disorder, and was therefore considered abnormal in terms of functioning personality. The researchers assumed that as a person lives his life, he orders his tasks as to what he sets as priorities for completing goals and meeting the needs of his immediate surrounding community and culture. This comes under the order of living in society and meeting the expectations of people who live near the individual, or a way of fitting in within his community. It also had to do with the person’s mean biology, or biological features characteristic of the individual. In fact, these tasks did vary depending on where the person lived and what the person had do to be able to survive in his culture. These may come under the umbrella of life skills, and they are definitely different considering where a person lived or had grown up. For example, a person who grew up in a small native Alaskan out island would have different life skills that would a person who grew up and lived in a borough of Manhattan, NY. The two personalities of these individuals might be similar, but their life skills would be developed in obviously different ways. The person living in the native island village would have an understanding of the elements and what is necessary for bare-bones survival in possibly extreme conditions. While, the person who grew up in the city would have to understand how to be â€Å"street smart† and may need to know how to survive in even a potentially violent atmosphere if the neighborhood suggested those skills were essential to survive on a daily basis. Each individual may otherwise be soft spoken, or be considered similarly warm-hearted or kind. But decidedly, their life skills would separate them and put them a world away from each other in what they knew and needed to depend on to survive in their environment on a daily basis. Universal Tasks Underlying Personality Traits The researchers then understood that there would need to be a set of universal tasks that needed to be identified. These universal tasks were considered of â€Å"evolutionary significance† and featured four universal challenges as set by Plutchik (1980). These were the four ways a person’s identity was developed and they included:the solution to the problems of dominance and submissiveness created by hierarchy that is characteristic of primate social hierarchies; development of a sense of territoriality or belongingness; and solution to the problems of temporality, that is, problems of loss and separation. This allowed the researchers studying personality disorders to come to the conclusion that personality disorders prevented an individual from managing the adaptive answers or solutions that were considered universally applicable to everyone, or a person’s life tasks. When an individual had a deficit in any of these areas, there was a noted â€Å"harmful dysfunction† and the person was unable to adapt to be able to function in his environment or society. The life tasks then seen as either being fulfilled or being abandoned by the individual, probably because of this identified deficit. Personality disorder was seen as different from other disorders by the fact that these failures â€Å"should be enduring and traceable to adolescence or at least early adulthood and they should be due to extreme personality variation rather than another pervasive and chronic mental disorder such as a cognitive or schizophrenic disorder† (Livesley Jang, p. 264). Evolutionary Sense Within Personality Traits There was talk of the individual not being able to adapt to his environment in an â€Å"evolutionary sense† which spoke to whether the person had garnered enough skills for ensuring adaptive social behavior to allow reproduction and survival (Livesley Jang, p. 264). This was explained as stating that the adaptive traits would contribute to the person adapting to his environment and society in general, and the person adapting to his family unit would move the person towards being able to rear children and eventually reproduce to pass down his traits to offspring later on. This is the general definition of people who have self confidence in their dealings with others, and are able to live in harmony in stable relationships, while becoming productive members within their society or community. These can be seen to be part of the ancestral or evolutionary needs of every individual, whether the person had an abnormal personality or normal personality. The more common description of an abnormal personality comes from what the common person observes when someone has problems dealing within a relationship. Rutter (1987) stated that personality disorders were characterized by â€Å"persistent, pervasive abnormality in social relationships and social functioning generally† (Rutter, p. 454). Also, Tyrer (2001) stated that â€Å"we do not necessarily need to know everything about someones personality to recognise the elements that make it disordered† (Tyrer, p. 83). Tyrer states quite honestly that psychiatrists view these descriptive axioms as something to be deferred, and says â€Å"personality disorder and mental retardation are stigmatic terms that psychiatrists like to avoid† (Tyrer, p. 83). So the question is, how can one determine the underlying normality within the abnormal personality? For this the clinician and the layperson need review the DSM-III, considered the premier source of personality disorder classification (American Psychiatric Association, 1980). The DSM classifies what is considered normal and abnormal in terms of personality. The professionals in the field disagree to the proposed stereotyping of this group of classifications, on the basis of the fact that such profiling is considered â€Å"quite inappropriate in such a complicated field† (Tyrer, p. 84). In fact, it appears that there are burgeoning alternative and substitute classifications being used for determining personality disorders in surveys, trials, studies and private practice. Most people would be surprised to find out that this topic has been heatedly debated over the past two decades. Many people most likely assume that there is one clinical definition of what is normal, and what is not normal when it comes to personality disorders. The media plays into this, as well as the television and movie plots. The person seen as abnormal is cloaked in symbolic black, speaks in a raspy voice or has otherwise obvious mentally deviant behaviors that even the least sophisticated person in the audience could confidently label as the â€Å"bad guy.† Personality Disorders Studied Abroad Even the study of personality disorders abroad have led researchers to agree to disagree in the area of determining how to describe profiles for patients with underlying normal traits within their abnormal personality profiles. In a study performed by McCrae (2001) in The People’s Republic of China, 1,909 psychiatric patients were examined to determine the accuracy of the hypotheses determined from the Interpretive Report of the Revised NEO Personality Inventory (McCrae, p. 155). The researchers determined that the PDs were not separate categories that could be determined in a vacuum. They realized that they needed to consider a more comprehensive and forgiving system of personality traits, to be considered an accurate measure of the patient’s personality issues and concerns. The researchers found that the personality traits of the patients did not fit into the DSM-IV defined traits. They did â€Å"draw on the same five underlying personality traits† (McCrae, p. 171), and were considered redundant, but there were several areas of overlap to be considered conclusive. In fact, over 60% of the patients that were being treated for maladaptive personalities were not meeting the criteria defined in the DSM-IV, as relating to any criteria for a PD (McCrae, p. 171). The maladaptive behaviors, the person’s habits and personal attitudes were all measured to find a comprehensive scale for measuring the personality traits of the patients. It was determined that the results were insignificant, and concluded that personality profiles were â€Å"modest predictors of categorical PDs, but they are immensely informative about people† (McCrae, p. 172). Treatment Options for Abnormal Personality Traits But clinicians and psychiatrists are still interested in treating and helping people who exhibit the traits of these personality disorders identified above. They are in disagreement whether there are normal traits that are underlying the abnormal personality traits that deserve to be treated in an effort to offer the patient an opportunity to live a full and productive life. This is a critical option for people who have normal personality traits, but also exhibit the identified borderline abnormal personality traits as well within their psyche. Over a half decade ago, the best treatments were heralded as therapeutic, and they seemed to promise the greatest success overall. But today, there are many alternate treatments available for individuals exhibiting abnormal personality disorders. They include drug therapies, psychodynamic therapy, day hospital intervention, and dialectical behavior therapy (Linehan, 1992, Tyrer, p. 84). Other methods of treatment that carry high success for the patients are the partial hospitalization of patients (Bateman Fonagy, 1999). Bateman Fonagy compared the effectiveness of treating patients exhibiting borderline personality disorders with partial hospitalization s a standard psychiatric care. They studied thirty-eight patients with borderline personality disorder and offered them individual and group psychoanalytic psychotherapy, for up to 18 months (Bateman Fonagy, 1999). The results were that the patients who had been partially hospitalized did exhibit less problems, with â€Å"An impr ovement in depressive symptoms, a decrease in suicidal and self-mutilatory acts, reduced inpatient days, and better social and interpersonal function began at 6 months and continued until the end of treatment at 18 months† (Bateman Fonagy, 1999). Their conclusion was that the partial hospitalization was determined as a far superior type of psychiatric care for those patients exhibiting borderline personality disorder. This treatment option was in opposition with the standard treatment options of the therapies listed above. These results were similar in the study by Piper, (1993) where a day treatment program at the University of Alberta Hospital in Edmonton, Alberta was studied. The patients were referred from the day treatment program and walk-in clinic, and utilized participants with â€Å"chronically disturbed non-schizophrenic patients, who usually have affective and personality disorders† (Piper, p. 757). The results of the study were that day treatment programs w ere considered effective for patients with long-term non schizophrenic disorders. The patients noted significant improvement in â€Å"four of the five areas studied- interpersonal functioning, symptomatology, life satisfaction, and self-esteem- as well as in several of disturbance associated with individual objectives (Piper, p. 762). Reference American Psychiatric Association (1980) Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (3rd edn) (DSM- III). Washington, DC: APA. Bateman, A. Fonagy, P. (1999). Effectiveness of partial hospitalization in the treatment of borderline personality disorder: a randomized controlled trial. American Journal of Psychiatry, 156, 1563-1569. 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A., Sankis, L. M. (2000). Adult psychopathology: Issues and controversies. Annual Review of Psychology, 51, 377–404. Widiger, T. A., Trull, T. J. (1991). Diagnosis and clinical assessment. Annual Review of Psychology, 42, 109–133. Research Papers on Traits of an Abnormal Personality DisorderThree Concepts of PsychodynamicResearch Process Part OneIncorporating Risk and Uncertainty Factor in CapitalComparison: Letter from Birmingham and CritoEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenUnreasonable Searches and SeizuresInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesGenetic EngineeringThe Relationship Between Delinquency and Drug UseArguments for Physician-Assisted Suicide (PAS)